-'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: z nfr ("[the] good man") and zt nfrt ("[the] good woman"). H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] /Subtype /Link "And they were amazed and astonished, saying, "Are not all these who are speaking Galileans? LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel //. In the language's final stage of development, the Coptic alphabet replaced the older writing system. Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. @d`)Xcd5VV`Jp6"]Cqt+hF:=*1lOh[hD'4gWdM,!Znj'r6,`e.`Y=_&!c=Ja,f_ 2 0 obj 988oVP\aR9Cmlo,9ffh.b!eEQD]pG`Un4V6%_`6eR>XY5F%+,LReSGjGJ^"E2q_gB Required fields are marked *. Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? The Muslim Brotherhood, a transnational religio-political organization that seeks to expand conservative Muslim values, was founded in Egypt in 1928. LZ`iV;uK*o4hS1&:"RZ\qUMuloe=I`%a)RT$U@DT8s>%`+R 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. dEGckUGVUpn;QL@ZXK(j&idLOV)FC[YE:*iJDu?IVEf`&[l`Xb@#[pTo,8oHN1/:i 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj 12 0 obj 13 0 obj 6E4tAas\7H6g2gRs3O%VHfSeJRq#k@cXko6@iAMbI`O/Wj'aQ(\U (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] 1 0 obj However, later Egyptian has a tendency to lose the dual as a productive form. *lS63Nu[o27"r8q:D4'n8QP#Q>$X1aN\fRar1GM[=-Y1+Kk=CD(\de;<70QSE\X59 :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< Afroasiatic */l/ merged with Egyptian n, r, , and j in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. >> +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 fb0ZkZej:Yh(@i*\#\>6RY\hu"K.R#X*T"R9OD?tQc>7\,bO5V*)h2se\docg\/O6 Y%l6@B7b!#O@N/Jd6g[o\;,_>MMCq!lJRt=.XUD,.1)Fgm.&j<23O+o65aqsgZL=G Egypt - Egypt ( (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: Mir, Egyptian Arabic: Mar), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in the northeast corner of Africa, whose territory in the Sinai. =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= endobj )Jn`6iuTAo%`90Te=2Bh(5-Jh [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 *+sM[ogMLCe7:A]!g[GWO3kBFYrtDi:Tqa+Q,"8j`j&8a_Dm'S]pG6&oOG!sIZq';1M! >> R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, */a/ becomes /o/ before etymological /, /: jtrw 'river' */jatraw/ > ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! k^8SlINno^*\-.Wib$-.N9D.a/gFlk&aJ)-k`Cp7ek"%Cr0G&?`ceo$+Nk\deqe(d EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S endobj bt*bGbqpW6no%SX/'pX.CUY&NnMB8\Br7AhYZK%41=mq].nBrqQ+9-Qmc;Z'"J'C" Here is the vowel system reconstructed for earlier Egyptian: Vowels are always short in unstressed syllables (tpj = */tapij/ 'first') and long in open stressed syllables (rm = */ramac/ 'man'), but they can be either short or long in closed stressed syllables (jnn = */janan/ 'we', mn = */man/ 'to stay'). [10][11] Among the typological features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are its fusional morphology, nonconcatenative morphology, a series of emphatic consonants, a three-vowel system /a i u/, nominal feminine suffix *-at, nominal m-, adjectival *- and characteristic personal verbal affixes. Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard with the editing assistance of Steven Blage Shubert. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Type /Annot [X*kT+VNa3li*Bkl&EoQI6/X3bn /Subtype /Link ^oq. *_&V3-N=Mg^K /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) << [52], Earlier Egyptian stresses one of the last two syllables. ^[%i#/&)%/p[8"7*GPU*&,pfYK:u`LkoUJ29YW,r`K1LF\! Corrections? b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). In ancient Egyptian texts, roots were predominantly composed of three consonants, and vowels were omitted. #GM0fhg?Bgrqu\to5];oZp2=55@;\`^UPT*pN"9W%K9r-2Y_^7SfZ>?o?XSp06nF6/- @)!X*d3otCP /Subtype /Link them were used on a regular basis. Egyptian is one of the earliest written languages, first being recorded in the hieroglyphic script in the late 4th millennium BC. 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu "174>%1gMK68&ds\\&F4iT3OiaRm<7b%1,:G\a3U/C0[Vq^]-g&FMMDVuL&J2`sOr Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD Vergote, Jozef, "Problmes de la Nominalbildung en gyptien". @OJ_H0a%?Ce_ora>>Bt`V`J8**^,JXlpSr+0["h Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. The last evidence of archaic Egyptian in Demotic is a graffito written in 452 BC, but Demotic was used to write vernacular before and in parallel with the Coptic script throughout the early Ptolemaic Kingdom until it was supplanted by the Coptic alphabet entirely.[32]. *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu [8] Literary Arabic is the official language[9] and the most widely written. /Type /ExtGState Middle Egyptian has been well-understood since then, although certain points of the verbal inflection remained open to revision until the mid-20th century, notably due to the contributions of Hans Jakob Polotsky. @`optdR$Bm2/`-N^M2kVHFqFD";>F]"K@$k;7Z1(lQCe\)iQ_fLa'cW!d! Each of these 24 characters are called "unilaterals" - "uni" coming from the fact that they represent a single sound. :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& "9-JT`,]]iK.T Most educated Egyptians are fluent in English or French or both, in addition to Arabic. a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r "I_N&GK(q\L#MKAkO-cYTNZP@U]aTOoc?uZ0&o,^l7TJ(g#n$"Ufq'=cbk,hA$_b( $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk /Type /Annot Mfr.UT[_68DG0acUPC#. endobj [16], French became the primary foreign language in media during the rule of Ibrahim Pasha. ;n^t`. Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs 400 ce), and Coptic (c. 2nd century ce until at least the 17th century). 5Y#>'_S5X'7OI+SN($j$X&3*uJ[`DUDj[G'atQ'cD6FDA,D2-DJ/QKeb/aZ==A.`SIKo#[s AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W Size: Hand Towel (50 x 80 cm), Bath Towel (70 x 120 cm), Bath Sheet (90 x 140 cm), XL Bath Sheet (100 x 180 cm), Face Cloth (30 x 30 cm) Colour: White, Mink, Silver, Charcoal, Duck egg, Mauve Material: 100% . 4te0"JTWhnoMp)?F+spf_fjSA$V/sl;8CfIeQ@k1'=`Z^&g!Z,6prt3HQ5jE+5.F% << 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ 6\R7\2@_::&To_$6km%BFqY@L%7)\r*s.l^n:S+XMr:nKQ&WbU9J+_&<4-n-7D`$X @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq @(in*: 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! /Parent 163 0 R K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN /Contents 19 0 R ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S AW2`f8ifj!,dK^R^^^'Cb%&VS.=2!>E5i.^64d+[F.-4sncjK/?qRBu6LVJHrC9BQ )>FsE[n1[5$EfUn@(hGJEHQe;/2 (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP ;:.tCnU0S>OVm;Cl.WKo/1n6*OnOSkNc:P`(BPSTnA^%U=9LG]=8/^J/1mQ33i8@V" [citation needed]. N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! )?bZbSD([!KY8%VhT:uKrj3sXm2n@^;W)76#IHee!urhH C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O ;Z";Dn/cpXm[=4: Egyptian nouns can be masculine or feminine (the latter is indicated, as with other Afroasiatic languages, by adding a -t) and singular or plural (-w / -wt), or dual (-wj / -tj). 6t^LuUoIfple8/c[? ;n^t`. :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh 31 0 obj !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh ;d@,Qm6gJ=tj(3)EO Of the original Afro-Asiatic verb system, only the stative survived. 10 0 obj endobj )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? Y?Wf6nk5Rs @P(#c)9T>ZeeKikL[suLDp`LYIDt6QsJjhekan+os13>RLZiA9?09@ !bh9!B59EM(tifd(g@R+ekVO'l%e?.jAsWM%SQ^?Ok+^(%WQ:!p"YQOc0:nGPblJoY^+j endobj 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) rh\f Js_7]^deFq5q5&ifl-o#I/E=rs'3 gaAa3%2"_T-l>isNpW6u.4iA8GZIrkDA?.1]3C"23D4[[L\1eGir78KR4Pge,[pHS endobj This term is the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian expression mdww-ntr or "God's words". "4Rh9'HOGICiLur1en^#A0H&;1dfZsRbi H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm King Horemheb ("Horus in Celebration") came to power in unusual circumstances. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN I=i#=219rOnT*?cT3q-YWPE.? << g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= ='0Wtb\bW5[. d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; \Ad;o0Lg0! *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l The Copts have traditionally been associated with certain handicrafts and trades and, above all, with accountancy, banking, commerce, and the civil service; there are, however, rural communities that are wholly Coptic, as well as mixed Coptic-Muslim villages. /Type /ExtGState But these simple men, particularly a devout young cripple, had a world-shaking visit--which began to change this world forever. *maR>rGKQ83iB+d=QTV4.sFPIrbhdCN`le~> One of its distinguishing characteristics is the tripling of ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives to indicate the plural. Attributive adjectives in phrases are after the nouns they modify: nr ("[the] great god"). :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ pd\M2hVkInlbrs+;i(Q$'X;6N<=U[>PXR%sEo=_3s5):=Ko[EK9"!mSrT0ZT .4j"Nlk)MTInX W@FmLr9KNbkK*Cfo!+U9^\,(bna5YEH9(6/YD^BK@6L+0di3>o1rJtVFg0(BVU@QF gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! NELC's graduate program in Egyptology offers advanced study of the languages and civilizations of ancient Egypt. G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg eUg;tD-s>L=kC/4`3%+6qhh%Jk/IESNHQ8FVHGYmd^3g`7Vec'QZW]E?FOPM?&,13 _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh ?l25>j; /SM 0.01998 3DV=?? A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 Categories . [17] During the period of the British influence, French was actually the medium of communication among foreigners and between foreigners and Egyptians;[18] the mixed French-Egyptian civil courts operated in French, and government notices from the Egyptian Sultan, taxi stand information, timetables of trains, and other legal documents were issued in French. r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] d%R"d<=(Rp%4dpm+:XR9l0\047FtY][OW*K!_4/]8h%#. /A 25 0 R >> @(in*: ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f [K>dsO;`,PXM,`X9tcFD@[lJr"\>3id"Mo?II2=$ [55] An etymological */u/ > */e/ often surfaces as /i/ next to /r/ and after etymological pharyngeals: hir < */ur/ 'street' (Semitic loan). /NtXmJi>9+jq"]dkr>ZZe6f&X?oWSDqpTfqVo/G?ZZ"?5miZZYMo(C`bPVZE_cQAZ *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX 0l=H$j!0\gft9LNHJ`QM(26B,;&_4;&nVXb]lE,iA@kC(aH8DEW:m3t&\i`oH_B7n ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H The Egyptian language is among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic inscriptions preserved on monuments and sheets of papyrus. +#h2rn=geX7L @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? @KD8]=Hh%9.ER=T2uR[f0nu&+U0!D_Q)km DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( F"5*H_Qeo0.OM0,,?0+Wq=,%KAf!t9F.%b$-bV@^K>U:rMIBIWnO]T,5&. 30 0 obj The Egyptian language or Ancient Egyptian ( r n km.t)[1][7] is a dead Afro-Asiatic language that was spoken in ancient Egypt. The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj 6gAqc6t1mS78*B0bNJQ`?l5ZmSL`=G4Y_XE#OqO$FbXsb019JFGAdqTX endobj )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe An,.Io4@WK$8LQsWh$>!g3@P!Kg3#rHK$4oQJ_>+\S>20lh]eJ'JjWMY1YkbG9i /H /I aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ One of these is the dialect of the Bedouin of the Eastern Desert and of the Sinai Peninsula; the Bedouin of the Western Desert constitute a separate dialect group. "Ho-+m0JED"K/_jiBEaV-&J$A07_3i&r9,TSglUY++U.=D10tu *G8p^-JLE+.-nE&@W\Tm29h?``US"SSM;AVk(nUm Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. @L8)T6#rjYrg endobj Updates? lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J \Ad;o0Lg0! [44][51] */u/, therefore, changes to */e/: nj 'tree' */un(? Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, "clear" Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only . [15][16][17], In Egyptian, the Proto-Afroasiatic voiced consonants */d z / developed into pharyngeal //: Egyptian r.t 'portal', Semitic dalt 'door'. We're here to tell all of you that God loves you. /Annots 2 0 R /Type /Annot << K. M. Bryson, The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era, Unpublished PhD. 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X [14], In 2009-2010 about six million people studied French in Egypt, and this number increased to 8 million in 2013. g`XmI*24_R"i> T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: "l@p_=3^ Adverbs, in Egyptian, are at the end of a sentence: For example, in z.n nr m ("[the] god went there", lit. /A 37 0 R CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, a5:bQ'Vg1@.e [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< Uk_p[A.Y-O\T[^mIs[B8m>VaL\9[tPmEO-Dg(. 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" j(/X[thW,B9m;$@tDF3*--qqcF45m&5pI=fic,*b1K[YTF3V&lJ(GtiPa76\=4!M98UV>_Ug2J5 2A.^Vn6&Z'.,VH6i`kN./F\3d1ZjAt]+UclHeI]N'-=lZ,t?,[oSD2%SedC;B^_>3qZQPG[rI4gS=&DZ6BS quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? /Type /ExtGState k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c The Coptic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet, with adaptations for Egyptian phonology. qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM *maR>rGKQ83iB+d=QTV4.sFPIrbhdCN`le~> Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: "5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25]. g`XmI*24_R"i8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! Some represent the sounds of the ancient Egyptian language, but consonants only. 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM lqF>glY2,$m2k2k;jqr8mim>%jZ(l;*G""agFih[6="5mMcdNG:GY>F2_n99cq^u< endobj '7/X1^Yc0B-i[NIkfXX2(gX6NtKQSStNtQ-OH/ )k:1Ua[V(-03ACXsXgFNU7bj,SATt-Nla@q3k]n@,"Op3rAa9EN O7?+6@ru'&!P9]/NY=lG>T=,S,a^khmuKP`oZp@h\&/2@16Wn#Bh1-7f8gpImBqO> Q*;ciqniDP-WVX"+go/5PS. rh\f :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs l'$n7JIADA>-:JeBF+'YEH:!qTn*'@]1qd8@Y;NFmC[a!f'NR_8:Z+jR^-[98/as; [X9F5tG0+V[U((1sJobKVN2=TK+5td9W,*DBr[N*PX,q 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe /Resources << /Font << /F9 146 0 R /F1 180 0 R /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 :M&FCJo&aj&c _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm /A 12 0 R p(Z)_6W_(UksR(eM`#[dXojRP_ZljH-H=1>?lhrK5%aW=oFFSqNY)@a*(/*L=GM:E /S /URI P@tBri^kEOB#q!.#3/?5Y]%>s)AE?Rg#sS0P:9@Nik\ #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: @L8)T6#rjYrg )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ /Properties << /R15 23 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> 20 0 obj >> b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. @u/KClYRm22JTj7$tojNP9d_ms3"TDm*IK%#9jl:i8V( /Border [ 0 0 0 ] =d@O=SG6oIJp2S8Fn+(jX7aTD45YhG`k^cEHnC&mks!rB]8_5KPOEE149Y0-Kq%$- Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage of the language, though it is based on a different dialect. 'ZH2*NCBZ\(S"seNcmmN8"Gi67T3c$j@U,KBcPM\="6%PO#N@IQRt#t#Xr@j-n]Hh7Oj@]V/hlR $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e The Hebrew Bible contains some words, terms and names that are thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; )Jn`6iuTAo%`90Te=2Bh(5-Jh However, that changed in the later stages of the language, including Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; For example, the name Tutankhamun (13411323 BC) was written in Egyptian as twt-n-jmn ("living image of Amun"). Hieroglyphs were primarily used on . endobj C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ ='Rp8`pn@]$HWeQDC9RO/-Pt1F-8u4`#aAql//&@'M8&q >> endobj Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. fC6N44mIeqCm$Gt=U9-Ib.%X`@\ qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ Most educated people in Egypt study English at school. VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) In one Late Egyptian letter (dated c. 1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine.[4][5], Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W /S /URI #m=n"7Tf5cIWNWPB6s[T]&LBKrq`(&ib*_YiG:^"[KEd? 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u :7GXqr*,t_[#q^ekNYY\9`G%QPWd=P+SJdM.EkX.IftGbor8T!J6:"%,jhe Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. k)d@:"+0_ada"^Hn6DdRqs!O&/+? ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R fg@9#h@+t`a_;%%2CRY]hUP1doQf.g'lT#bAT><3?GLG<0ho^+&? =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? Egq5_T5e:OQJf,U:H_S1ns.s4b?L-iLWWTKpRVHNgEk&-GR1sE6E[Dm/X#Gp"^@K$ endobj )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z [38], Phonologically, Egyptian contrasted labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants. [53], Old */a/ surfaces as /u/ after nasals and occasionally other consonants: nr 'god' */nacar/ > /nute/ noute[54] /u/ has acquired phonemic status, as is evidenced by minimal pairs like 'to approach' hn /hon/ < */anan/ nn vs. 'inside' houn /hun/ < */anaw/ nw. j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. J[G5H\`Xm*f$Prh/Q:d&a:GARG3r0neTpg2#Ron]/)F.o15aH+U7Dqcq[iDZYH :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 endobj !V:ND+O'9/.3oL+lY!R._:s%5F$4[$pfs;P4`XJkI+cnS)F]BJskRK4m?3` K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several vernacular dialects of that language. ;SeUfdDA_*IO'K/FNs8en],`6Sd+`Pnbr8Ap#e/mk#Rq^0R(sG\3:G$':LT_Y\h;- 8 0 obj pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ Omissions? QZL-?g0Uk,R45A7d4r8! po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! 32 0 obj CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe "l@p_=3^ %@SR#j_KL!U8=$.C\aJ=$k47_*1&:6oU8,b Yodh is pronounced /i/, w /u/. Final *-r (at end of syllable) shifted to - (hamzah, a glottal stop); *li and *lu to i; *ki and *ku to (pronounced as tch); and *gi and *gu to (pronounced dj). )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL endobj "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE << K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? QQXSXf8QWAo`tB1W:GQQNGth$9>F/Z8`*XmKl7(`2F%o8(P:#df.&8Le4Y&$O-lQb %g>d,i`H72:-Bas-mXi#mUp/RHhQ"g+WA\t$SU+Xm:1d,V,k\NK&e*lHqZh07k1$:XQmFlQo#bT;1**DES_)Jh?rJgOAT!c#=J;NRQcngIgA ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu This book, the first of its kind, examines how the phonology and grammar of the ancient Egyptian language changed over more than three thousand years of its history, from the first appearance of written documents, c.3250 BC, to the Coptic dialects of the second century AD and later. Early research had assumed that the opposition in stops was one of voicing, but it is now thought to be either one of tenuis and emphatic consonants, as in many Semitic languages, or one of aspirated and ejective consonants, as in many Cushitic languages. DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ @%Fta0bU,)K)ldE,!9q)Ipemh3Kd@!7Mc`PIOB1 LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ +#h2rn=geX7L J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& >> cQJm@&^X8\THTF_7#3kLI5if7ab'_k'-A&ChgfoQ-PBtDNb"Od92$!.5X`V8U4-ST ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( 6]/iI#=u312)p$j/T0*6SH]\NK8AYU`:qkO Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. endobj /F12 203 0 R >> 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL [41], In Middle Egyptian (20551650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) [ 2Etfu2%-I7..6im^T"Zee(ZHI/?GR^mBe"sXN2o;`%5"\Xg1uVdAU`Y*I.#%o(][1 R^nsa=`]"ic?$U8gHPAXgkTr8cXUD*E4PE]S`Z,Ge#8aIcAF@GM=MTugC-PAJVLK2)A"FGnA>s8>;48:fb6MkC+ r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' A new book by Kara Cooney, When Women Ruled the World: Six. psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ /Resources << /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R1 34 0 R /R2 35 0 R >> /Font << /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R /F12 203 0 R >> '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF [34] Written Coptic has five major dialects, which differ mainly in graphic conventions, most notably the southern Saidic dialect, the main classical dialect, and the northern Bohairic dialect, currently used in Coptic Church services.[4][5]. 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe "A List of Local Keyboard Layout in 24 Countries/Regions. =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z =6C?PMII&?U+GYuE_'%oc:OMN*&sbD.X]6ks#rsn8&:;^gS(^j&GZ"Yl/A93#>di<